This article assumes that most investigations attorneys are at least passingly familiar with the basics of digital forensicsi and that most investigations attorneys are also experienced with the review of traditional types of digital evidence such as email, text messages and standard PC filesii to develop an understanding of underlying facts.iii
The takeaway: Wearable devices like Fitbits monitor location via GPS and activities like distance traveled, steps taken, sleep time and heart rate. The devices are configured to synchronize data to applications on smartphones and personal computers or to cloud or social media sites. Evidentiary collections can be made from either of these sources using standard digital forensics tools and techniques.
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The takeaway: Network forensics is a sub-specialty of digital forensics. It involves analysis of log data from servers and other networking tools (e.g., firewalls, routers, intrusion detection applications) in order to trace or monitor network activity. Attorneys with cyber law practices have become very familiar with network forensics, as it is one of the go-to tools for intrusion and breach detection. Network forensics can involve retroactive analysis or live-stream traffic monitoring. The volume of data collected can be enormous, so data analytics techniques are used heavily.
No aspect of the world we live in changes faster than digital technology. A corporate investigation will likely find itself operating in a technologically different landscape than previous investigations. Having a digital forensics team that is thinking creatively and in the technological vanguard is essential to the success of an investigation.
Digital visual media represent nowadays one of the principal means for communication. Lately, the reliability of digital visual information has been questioned, due to the ease in counterfeiting both its origin and content. Digital image forensics is a brand new research field which aims at validating the authenticity of images by recovering information about their history. Two main problems are addressed: the identification of the imaging device that captured the image, and the detection of traces of forgeries. Nowadays, thanks to the promising results attained by early studies and to the always growing number of applications, digital image forensics represents an appealing investigation domain for many researchers. This survey is designed for scholars and IT professionals approaching this field, reviewing existing tools and providing a view on the past, the present and the future of digital image forensics.
All this considered, Digital Image Forensics represents an appealing topic for many researchers. In this overview, we aim at providing useful tools to scholars and IT professionals who, coming from related fields, want to start research in Digital Image Forensics. We assume to deal with researchers who have some background either in digital forensics or signal processing. When approaching DIF for the first time, these people might have in mind questions such as:
In the following we will try to provide enough useful information to answer these questions. In section 2 we put digital Image Forensics in perspective with other multimedia security-related disciplines. In section 3 we report on methods dealing with the authentication of the acquisition device of a particular image. In section 4 we propose an overview of tampering detection methods. Section 5 presents a view on the evolution of DIF: counter-forensics techniques, or how to fool existing detection and authentication methods. Finally, with section 6 we point out achievements and limitations of the current approaches, and try to outline possible, new research paths in the Digital Image Forensics domain.
In digital imaging both the acquisition process and the tampering techniques are likely to leave subtle traces. The task of forensics experts is to expose these traces by exploiting existing knowledge on digital imaging mechanisms, being aided by consolidated results in multimedia security research.
For better grasping the mission of image forensics investigators, it might be useful to explore the relationships between DIF and other multimedia security-oriented disciplines. Image processing for forensics shares indeed several technical challenges and similar techniques with digital watermarking and steganography [50].
A particular application for watermarking is image integrity protection [81]. In this case, a fragile watermark is applied to the cover image so that it gets destroyed at a tampering attempt. This ensures some control on the image content manipulation. One major difficulty here is to make the distinction between malicious and naïve modifications (tampering versus fair compression for example). Within this context, digital watermarking can be seen as an active protection, whereas tools in digital image forensics can be seen as passive ones. However, in many scenarios it is not realistic to envision that images and videos have been protected by a fragile watermark prior to dissemination. This gives a plus in favor of image forensic tools for the detection of tampering. Anyway, in both cases, image processing tools are analyzing high frequencies either to recover the watermark or to detect inconsistencies in noise and expected patterns, e.g. related to the acquisition process.
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